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/*

 * Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Jakub Jermar

 * All rights reserved.

 *

 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

 * are met:

 *

 * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

 *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

 * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

 *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the

 *   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

 * - The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products

 *   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

 *

 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES

 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.

 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,

 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT

 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF

 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 */

/**

 * @file    as.c

 * @brief   Address space related functions.

 *

 * This file contains address space manipulation functions.

 * Roughly speaking, this is a higher-level client of

 * Virtual Address Translation (VAT) subsystem.

 *

 * Functionality provided by this file allows one to

 * create address space and create, resize and share

 * address space areas.

 *

 * @see page.c

 *

 */

#include <mm/as.h>

#include <arch/mm/as.h>

#include <mm/page.h>

#include <mm/frame.h>

#include <mm/slab.h>

#include <mm/tlb.h>

#include <arch/mm/page.h>

#include <genarch/mm/page_pt.h>

#include <genarch/mm/page_ht.h>

#include <mm/asid.h>

#include <arch/mm/asid.h>

#include <synch/spinlock.h>

#include <synch/mutex.h>

#include <adt/list.h>

#include <adt/btree.h>

#include <proc/task.h>

#include <proc/thread.h>

#include <arch/asm.h>

#include <panic.h>

#include <debug.h>

#include <print.h>

#include <memstr.h>

#include <macros.h>

#include <arch.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <config.h>

#include <align.h>

#include <arch/types.h>

#include <typedefs.h>

#include <syscall/copy.h>

#include <arch/interrupt.h>

as_operations_t *as_operations = NULL;

/** Address space lock. It protects inactive_as_with_asid_head. Must be acquired before as_t mutex. */

SPINLOCK_INITIALIZE(as_lock);

/**

 * This list contains address spaces that are not active on any

 * processor and that have valid ASID.

 */

LIST_INITIALIZE(inactive_as_with_asid_head);

/** Kernel address space. */

as_t *AS_KERNEL = NULL;

static int area_flags_to_page_flags(int aflags);

static int get_area_flags(as_area_t *a);

static as_area_t *find_area_and_lock(as_t *as, __address va);

static bool check_area_conflicts(as_t *as, __address va, size_t size, as_area_t *avoid_area);

static int used_space_insert(as_area_t *a, __address page, count_t count);

static int used_space_remove(as_area_t *a, __address page, count_t count);

/** Initialize address space subsystem. */

void as_init(void)

{

    as_arch_init();

    AS_KERNEL = as_create(FLAG_AS_KERNEL);

    if (!AS_KERNEL)

        panic("can't create kernel address space\n");

}

/** Create address space.

 *

 * @param flags Flags that influence way in wich the address space is created.

 */

as_t *as_create(int flags)

{

    as_t *as;

    as = (as_t *) malloc(sizeof(as_t), 0);

    link_initialize(&as->inactive_as_with_asid_link);

    mutex_initialize(&as->lock);

    btree_create(&as->as_area_btree);

    if (flags & FLAG_AS_KERNEL)

        as->asid = ASID_KERNEL;

    else

        as->asid = ASID_INVALID;

    as->refcount = 0;

    as->page_table = page_table_create(flags);

    return as;

}

/** Free Adress space */

void as_free(as_t *as)

{

    ASSERT(as->refcount == 0);

    /* TODO: free as_areas and other resources held by as */

    /* TODO: free page table */

    free(as);

}

/** Create address space area of common attributes.

 *

 * The created address space area is added to the target address space.

 *

 * @param as Target address space.

 * @param flags Flags of the area memory.

 * @param size Size of area.

 * @param base Base address of area.

 * @param attrs Attributes of the area.

 *

 * @return Address space area on success or NULL on failure.

 */

as_area_t *as_area_create(as_t *as, int flags, size_t size, __address base, int attrs)

{

    ipl_t ipl;

    as_area_t *a;

    if (base % PAGE_SIZE)

        return NULL;

    if (!size)

        return NULL;

    /* Writeable executable areas are not supported. */

    if ((flags & AS_AREA_EXEC) && (flags & AS_AREA_WRITE))

        return NULL;

    ipl = interrupts_disable();

    mutex_lock(&as->lock);

    if (!check_area_conflicts(as, base, size, NULL)) {

        mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return NULL;

    }

    a = (as_area_t *) malloc(sizeof(as_area_t), 0);

    mutex_initialize(&a->lock);

    a->flags = flags;

    a->attributes = attrs;

    a->pages = SIZE2FRAMES(size);

    a->base = base;

    btree_create(&a->used_space);

    btree_insert(&as->as_area_btree, base, (void *) a, NULL);

    mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

    interrupts_restore(ipl);

    return a;

}

/** Find address space area and change it.

 *

 * @param as Address space.

 * @param address Virtual address belonging to the area to be changed. Must be page-aligned.

 * @param size New size of the virtual memory block starting at address.

 * @param flags Flags influencing the remap operation. Currently unused.

 *

 * @return Zero on success or a value from @ref errno.h otherwise.

 */

int as_area_resize(as_t *as, __address address, size_t size, int flags)

{

    as_area_t *area;

    ipl_t ipl;

    size_t pages;

    ipl = interrupts_disable();

    mutex_lock(&as->lock);

    /*

     * Locate the area.

     */

    area = find_area_and_lock(as, address);

    if (!area) {

        mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return ENOENT;

    }

    if (area->flags & AS_AREA_DEVICE) {

        /*

         * Remapping of address space areas associated

         * with memory mapped devices is not supported.

         */

        mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

        mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return ENOTSUP;

    }

    pages = SIZE2FRAMES((address - area->base) + size);

    if (!pages) {

        /*

         * Zero size address space areas are not allowed.

         */

        mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

        mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return EPERM;

    }

    if (pages < area->pages) {

        bool cond;

        __address start_free = area->base + pages*PAGE_SIZE;

        /*

         * Shrinking the area.

         * No need to check for overlaps.

         */

        /*

         * Remove frames belonging to used space starting from

         * the highest addresses downwards until an overlap with

         * the resized address space area is found. Note that this

         * is also the right way to remove part of the used_space

         * B+tree leaf list.

         */    

        for (cond = true; cond;) {

            btree_node_t *node;

            ASSERT(!list_empty(&area->used_space.leaf_head));

            node = list_get_instance(area->used_space.leaf_head.prev, btree_node_t, leaf_link);

            if ((cond = (bool) node->keys)) {

                __address b = node->key[node->keys - 1];

                count_t c = (count_t) node->value[node->keys - 1];

                int i = 0;

                if (overlaps(b, c*PAGE_SIZE, area->base, pages*PAGE_SIZE)) {

                    if (b + c*PAGE_SIZE <= start_free) {

                        /*

                         * The whole interval fits completely

                         * in the resized address space area.

                         */

                        break;

                    }

                    /*

                     * Part of the interval corresponding to b and c

                     * overlaps with the resized address space area.

                     */

                    cond = false;   /* we are almost done */

                    i = (start_free - b) >> PAGE_WIDTH;

                    if (!used_space_remove(area, start_free, c - i))

                        panic("Could not remove used space.");

                } else {

                    /*

                     * The interval of used space can be completely removed.

                     */

                    if (!used_space_remove(area, b, c))

                        panic("Could not remove used space.\n");

                }

                for (; i < c; i++) {

                    pte_t *pte;

                    page_table_lock(as, false);

                    pte = page_mapping_find(as, b + i*PAGE_SIZE);

                    ASSERT(pte && PTE_VALID(pte) && PTE_PRESENT(pte));

                    frame_free(ADDR2PFN(PTE_GET_FRAME(pte)));

                    page_mapping_remove(as, b + i*PAGE_SIZE);

                    page_table_unlock(as, false);

                }

            }

        }

        /*

         * Invalidate TLB's.

         */

        tlb_shootdown_start(TLB_INVL_PAGES, AS->asid, area->base + pages*PAGE_SIZE, area->pages - pages);

        tlb_invalidate_pages(AS->asid, area->base + pages*PAGE_SIZE, area->pages - pages);

        tlb_shootdown_finalize();

    } else {

        /*

         * Growing the area.

         * Check for overlaps with other address space areas.

         */

        if (!check_area_conflicts(as, address, pages * PAGE_SIZE, area)) {

            mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

            mutex_unlock(&as->lock);       

            interrupts_restore(ipl);

            return EADDRNOTAVAIL;

        }

    }

    area->pages = pages;

    mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

    mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

    interrupts_restore(ipl);

    return 0;

}

/** Destroy address space area.

 *

 * @param as Address space.

 * @param address Address withing the area to be deleted.

 *

 * @return Zero on success or a value from @ref errno.h on failure.

 */

int as_area_destroy(as_t *as, __address address)

{

    as_area_t *area;

    __address base;

    ipl_t ipl;

    ipl = interrupts_disable();

    mutex_lock(&as->lock);

    area = find_area_and_lock(as, address);

    if (!area) {

        mutex_unlock(&as->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return ENOENT;

    }

    base = area->base;

    if (!(area->flags & AS_AREA_DEVICE)) {

        bool cond; 

        /*

         * Releasing physical memory.

         * Areas mapping memory-mapped devices are treated differently than

         * areas backing frame_alloc()'ed memory.

         */

        /*

         * Visit only the pages mapped by used_space B+tree.

         * Note that we must be very careful when walking the tree

         * leaf list and removing used space as the leaf list changes

         * unpredictibly after each remove. The solution is to actually

         * not walk the tree at all, but to remove items from the head

         * of the leaf list until there are some keys left.

         */

        for (cond = true; cond;) {

            btree_node_t *node;

            ASSERT(!list_empty(&area->used_space.leaf_head));

            node = list_get_instance(area->used_space.leaf_head.next, btree_node_t, leaf_link);

            if ((cond = (bool) node->keys)) {

                __address b = node->key[0];

                count_t i;

                pte_t *pte;

                for (i = 0; i < (count_t) node->value[0]; i++) {

                    page_table_lock(as, false);

                    pte = page_mapping_find(as, b + i*PAGE_SIZE);

                    ASSERT(pte && PTE_VALID(pte) && PTE_PRESENT(pte));

                    frame_free(ADDR2PFN(PTE_GET_FRAME(pte)));

                    page_mapping_remove(as, b + i*PAGE_SIZE);

                    page_table_unlock(as, false);

                }

                if (!used_space_remove(area, b, i))

                    panic("Could not remove used space.\n");

            }

        }

    }

    btree_destroy(&area->used_space);

    /*

     * Invalidate TLB's.

     */

    tlb_shootdown_start(TLB_INVL_PAGES, AS->asid, area->base, area->pages);

    tlb_invalidate_pages(AS->asid, area->base, area->pages);

    tlb_shootdown_finalize();

    area->attributes |= AS_AREA_ATTR_PARTIAL;

    mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

    /*

     * Remove the empty area from address space.

     */

    btree_remove(&AS->as_area_btree, base, NULL);

    free(area);

    mutex_unlock(&AS->lock);

    interrupts_restore(ipl);

    return 0;

}

/** Steal address space area from another task.

 *

 * Address space area is stolen from another task

 * Moreover, any existing mapping

 * is copied as well, providing thus a mechanism

 * for sharing group of pages. The source address

 * space area and any associated mapping is preserved.

 *

 * @param src_task Pointer of source task

 * @param src_base Base address of the source address space area.

 * @param acc_size Expected size of the source area

 * @param dst_base Target base address

 *

 * @return Zero on success or ENOENT if there is no such task or

 *     if there is no such address space area,

 *     EPERM if there was a problem in accepting the area or

 *     ENOMEM if there was a problem in allocating destination

 *     address space area.

 */

int as_area_steal(task_t *src_task, __address src_base, size_t acc_size,

          __address dst_base)

{

    ipl_t ipl;

    count_t i;

    as_t *src_as;      

    int src_flags;

    size_t src_size;

    as_area_t *src_area, *dst_area;

    ipl = interrupts_disable();

    spinlock_lock(&src_task->lock);

    src_as = src_task->as;

    mutex_lock(&src_as->lock);

    src_area = find_area_and_lock(src_as, src_base);

    if (!src_area) {

        /*

         * Could not find the source address space area.

         */

        spinlock_unlock(&src_task->lock);

        mutex_unlock(&src_as->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return ENOENT;

    }

    src_size = src_area->pages * PAGE_SIZE;

    src_flags = src_area->flags;

    mutex_unlock(&src_area->lock);

    mutex_unlock(&src_as->lock);

    if (src_size != acc_size) {

        spinlock_unlock(&src_task->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return EPERM;

    }

    /*

     * Create copy of the source address space area.

     * The destination area is created with AS_AREA_ATTR_PARTIAL

     * attribute set which prevents race condition with

     * preliminary as_page_fault() calls.

     */

    dst_area = as_area_create(AS, src_flags, src_size, dst_base, AS_AREA_ATTR_PARTIAL);

    if (!dst_area) {

        /*

         * Destination address space area could not be created.

         */

        spinlock_unlock(&src_task->lock);

        interrupts_restore(ipl);

        return ENOMEM;

    }

    spinlock_unlock(&src_task->lock);

    /*

     * Avoid deadlock by first locking the address space with lower address.

     */

    if (AS < src_as) {

        mutex_lock(&AS->lock);

        mutex_lock(&src_as->lock);

    } else {

        mutex_lock(&AS->lock);

        mutex_lock(&src_as->lock);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < SIZE2FRAMES(src_size); i++) {

        pte_t *pte;

        __address frame;

        page_table_lock(src_as, false);

        pte = page_mapping_find(src_as, src_base + i*PAGE_SIZE);

        if (pte && PTE_VALID(pte)) {

            ASSERT(PTE_PRESENT(pte));

            frame = PTE_GET_FRAME(pte);

            if (!(src_flags & AS_AREA_DEVICE))

                frame_reference_add(ADDR2PFN(frame));

            page_table_unlock(src_as, false);

        } else {

            page_table_unlock(src_as, false);

            continue;

        }

        page_table_lock(AS, false);

        page_mapping_insert(AS, dst_base + i*PAGE_SIZE, frame, area_flags_to_page_flags(src_flags));

        page_table_unlock(AS, false);

    }

    /*

     * Now the destination address space area has been

     * fully initialized. Clear the AS_AREA_ATTR_PARTIAL

     * attribute.

     */

    mutex_lock(&dst_area->lock);

    dst_area->attributes &= ~AS_AREA_ATTR_PARTIAL;

    mutex_unlock(&dst_area->lock);

    mutex_unlock(&AS->lock);

    mutex_unlock(&src_as->lock);

    interrupts_restore(ipl);

    return 0;

}

/** Initialize mapping for one page of address space.

 *

 * This functions maps 'page' to 'frame' according

 * to attributes of the address space area to

 * wich 'page' belongs.

 *

 * @param as Target address space.

 * @param page Virtual page within the area.

 * @param frame Physical frame to which page will be mapped.

 */

void as_set_mapping(as_t *as, __address page, __address frame)

{

    as_area_t *area;

    ipl_t ipl;

    ipl = interrupts_disable();

    page_table_lock(as, true);

    area = find_area_and_lock(as, page);

    if (!area) {

        panic("Page not part of any as_area.\n");

    }

    page_mapping_insert(as, page, frame, get_area_flags(area));

    if (!used_space_insert(area, page, 1))

        panic("Could not insert used space.\n");

    mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

    page_table_unlock(as, true);

    interrupts_restore(ipl);

}

/** Handle page fault within the current address space.

 *

 * This is the high-level page fault handler.

 * Interrupts are assumed disabled.

 *

 * @param page Faulting page.

 * @param istate Pointer to interrupted state.

 *

 * @return 0 on page fault, 1 on success or 2 if the fault was caused by copy_to_uspace() or copy_from_uspace().

 */

int as_page_fault(__address page, istate_t *istate)

{

    pte_t *pte;

    as_area_t *area;

    __address frame;

    if (!THREAD)

        return 0;

    ASSERT(AS);

    mutex_lock(&AS->lock);

    area = find_area_and_lock(AS, page);   

    if (!area) {

        /*

         * No area contained mapping for 'page'.

         * Signal page fault to low-level handler.

         */

        mutex_unlock(&AS->lock);

        goto page_fault;

    }

    if (area->attributes & AS_AREA_ATTR_PARTIAL) {

        /*

         * The address space area is not fully initialized.

         * Avoid possible race by returning error.

         */

        mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

        mutex_unlock(&AS->lock);

        goto page_fault;       

    }

    ASSERT(!(area->flags & AS_AREA_DEVICE));

    page_table_lock(AS, false);

    /*

     * To avoid race condition between two page faults

     * on the same address, we need to make sure

     * the mapping has not been already inserted.

     */

    if ((pte = page_mapping_find(AS, page))) {

        if (PTE_PRESENT(pte)) {

            page_table_unlock(AS, false);

            mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

            mutex_unlock(&AS->lock);

            return 1;

        }

    }

    /*

     * In general, there can be several reasons that

     * can have caused this fault.

     *

     * - non-existent mapping: the area is a scratch

     *   area (e.g. stack) and so far has not been

     *   allocated a frame for the faulting page

     *

     * - non-present mapping: another possibility,

     *   currently not implemented, would be frame

     *   reuse; when this becomes a possibility,

     *   do not forget to distinguish between

     *   the different causes

     */

    frame = PFN2ADDR(frame_alloc(ONE_FRAME, 0));

    memsetb(PA2KA(frame), FRAME_SIZE, 0);

    /*

     * Map 'page' to 'frame'.

     * Note that TLB shootdown is not attempted as only new information is being

     * inserted into page tables.

     */

    page_mapping_insert(AS, page, frame, get_area_flags(area));

    if (!used_space_insert(area, ALIGN_DOWN(page, PAGE_SIZE), 1))

        panic("Could not insert used space.\n");

    page_table_unlock(AS, false);

    mutex_unlock(&area->lock);

    mutex_unlock(&AS->lock);

    return AS_PF_OK;

page_fault:

    if (!THREAD)

        return AS_PF_FAULT;

    if (THREAD->in_copy_from_uspace) {

        THREAD->in_copy_from_uspace = false;

        istate_set_retaddr(istate, (__address) &memcpy_from_uspace_failover_address);

    } else if (THREAD->in_copy_to_uspace) {

        THREAD->in_copy_to_uspace = false;

        istate_set_retaddr(istate, (__address) &memcpy_to_uspace_failover_address);

    } else {

        return AS_PF_FAULT;

    }

    return AS_PF_DEFER;

}

/** Switch address spaces.

 *

 * Note that this function cannot sleep as it is essentially a part of

 * the scheduling. Sleeping here would lead to deadlock on wakeup.

 *

 * @param old Old address space or NULL.

 * @param new New address space.

 */

void as_switch(as_t *old, as_t *new)

{

    ipl_t ipl;

    bool needs_asid = false;

    ipl = interrupts_disable();

    spinlock_lock(&as_lock);

    /*

     * First, take care of the old address space.

     */

    if (old) {

        mutex_lock_active(&old->lock);

        ASSERT(old->refcount);

        if((--old->refcount == 0) && (old != AS_KERNEL)) {

            /*

             * The old address space is no longer active on

             * any processor. It can be appended to the

             * list of inactive address spaces with assigned

             * ASID.

             */

             ASSERT(old->asid != ASID_INVALID);

             list_append(&old->inactive_as_with_asid_link, &inactive_as_with_asid_head);

        }

        mutex_unlock(&old->lock);

    }

    /*

     * Second, prepare the new address space.

     */

    mutex_lock_active(&new->lock);

    if ((new->refcount++ == 0) && (new != AS_KERNEL)) {

        if (new->asid != ASID_INVALID)

            list_remove(&new->inactive_as_with_asid_link);

        else

            needs_asid = true;  /* defer call to asid_get() until new->lock is released */

    }

    SET_PTL0_ADDRESS(new->page_table);

    mutex_unlock(&new->lock);

    if (needs_asid) {

        /*

         * Allocation of new ASID was deferred

         * until now in order to avoid deadlock.

         */

        asid_t asid;

        asid = asid_get();

        mutex_lock_active(&new->lock);

        new->asid = asid;

        mutex_unlock(&new->lock);

    }

    spinlock_unlock(&as_lock);

    interrupts_restore(ipl);

    /*

     * Perform architecture-specific steps.

     * (e.g. write ASID to hardware register etc.)

     */

    as_install_arch(new);

    AS = new;

}

/** Convert address space area flags to page flags.

 *

 * @param aflags Flags of some address space area.

 *

 * @return Flags to be passed to page_mapping_insert().

 */

int area_flags_to_page_flags(int aflags)

{

    int flags;

    flags = PAGE_USER | PAGE_PRESENT;

    if (aflags & AS_AREA_READ)

        flags |= PAGE_READ;

    if (aflags & AS_AREA_WRITE)

        flags |= PAGE_WRITE;

    if (aflags & AS_AREA_EXEC)

        flags |= PAGE_EXEC;

    if (!(aflags & AS_AREA_DEVICE))

        flags |= PAGE_CACHEABLE;

    return flags;

}

/** Compute flags for virtual address translation subsytem.

 *

 * The address space area must be locked.

 * Interrupts must be disabled.

 *

 * @param a Address space area.

 *

 * @return Flags to be used in page_mapping_insert().

 */

int get_area_flags(as_area_t *a)

{

    return area_flags_to_page_flags(a->flags);

}

/** Create page table.

 *

 * Depending on architecture, create either address space

 * private or global page table.

 *